Schopenhauer 叔本华

The World as Will and RepresentationExistential Tragic PessimismAscetic Silencing of the Will

Philosophical Overview

The philosopher of tragic pessimism. He characterized the universe as the blind, insatiable, driving Will, seeking salvation via aesthetic contemplation, sympathy, and quietist renunciation.

Life and Historical Context

19世纪唯意志论与悲观主义巨擘。一生与黑格尔活在同一时代,对其高昂、宣称理性万能、宇宙美好的大体系极为痛恨。他曾在柏林大学故意把自己的课程时间排在与黑格尔完全相同的一分一秒,意图打下擂台,结果黑格尔门庭若市、他却门可罗雀无奈卷铺盖走人,这使其对常人群盲和命运更加冷嘲。晚年靠着独自在法兰克福小旅馆抚猫、弹琴、写成字字透着冷彻智慧的散文,终获名震世界。

Worldview and Philosophy

主张‘生命意志作为万恶根源’与悲观宿命论。他师承康德,但惊人撕开物自体,断言大自然的真理底牌根本没有理性,只有一团毫无目的、盲目挣扎乱冲乱咬的终极黑暗激流——‘生命意志’(The Will)。万物、我们、连落叶,皆是生命的意志的无情客体化客体表现。意志即匮乏匮乏。欲望得不到满足便是痛,满足后则是无聊。人的一生由此犹如一个‘在痛苦和无聊之间来回摆荡的钟摆’。解脱这悲局只有两条路:一是通过高尚、完全忘我的‘艺术审美观照’,在音乐中刹那忘掉欲望折磨;二是通过彻底的‘绝欲和慈悲禁欲’,用理智否定意志。他更是西方引入印度东方东方智慧之先驱。

"人生就像是一只在痛苦与无聊之间来回摆动摇荡着的钟摆。欲望不满足便在痛,满足了,索然无味无聊便扑面,把整个俗事当成是一场荒唐的悲剧闹剧看穿吧。"

Reflection Question

叔本华著名的‘痛苦与无聊钟摆隐喻’,直接戳破了消费主义大梦:‘只要买下这辆车我就圆满了(不满足在痛)!买下开了一周之后、瞬间觉得无聊透顶(无聊)!’既然世俗欲望的追逐是一场无期徒刑的死循环痛苦:你能不能也像叔本华一样,学会在那些不追求结果的单纯艺术创作、或者下午静静听一首钢琴古典曲目、或者对路边被雨淋的流浪小狗生出一抹高纯的悲悯里,体验到那一份彻底降服了贪自私的、至圣清凉大自由?

Intellectual Encounters

Debate with 乔治·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 (G. W. F. Hegel)

The most famous intellectual rivalry of the 19th Century: Hegel believed that history and nature evolve rationally toward the Absolute Geist; Schopenhauer declared the world is a blind, irrational arena of insatiable Will and suffering.

Does the universe or history progress toward a rational, harmonious finality, or is the world a blind wilderness of raw survival and existential repetition?

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