康德三大批判详解:纯粹理性批判、实践理性批判与判断力批判

2026-07-22 — knowphilosophers.site

康德:西方哲学史的中流砥柱

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is a central pillar of Western philosophy. His Three Critiques resolved the dispute between rationalism and empiricism, and initiated a Copernican revolution in epistemology.

一、《纯粹理性批判》:认识论的哥白尼革命

Kant's Copernican revolution: objects conform to our cognition, not vice versa. We can only know phenomena (things as they appear), never noumena (things-in-themselves).

二、《实践理性批判》:绝对命令与道德自由

Kant's categorical imperative: act only according to maxims you can will to be universal law. Always treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means.

三、《判断力批判》:审美与目的论

The Critique of Judgment bridges nature's necessity and freedom's ought. Aesthetic judgments possess 'subjective universality' — originating in feeling yet demanding universal assent.

四、康德哲学的影响与遗产

Kant's philosophy is a watershed. Nearly every philosopher after him had to respond to his system — Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and modern thinkers from Rawls to Habermas.

与康德对话

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