英国里程碑政治哲人。在《利维坦》中构建了无神唯物的机械宇宙图像（心灵只是躯体原子碰撞出的火花）。提出极其精辟的“自然状态说”：在没有强大公权震慑下，人类由于竞争恐惧而进入“一切人反对一切人”的血腥斗争。为了自保，人们交割权利，签订社会契约，立起全能利维坦（国家的拟喻）来统治秩序。
The preeminent political philosopher of seventeenth-century England and a foundational materialist. Born prematurely as the Spanish Armada approached — he joked that fear was his twin — Hobbes witnessed the carnage of the English Civil War, which decisively shaped his stark, mechanistic theory of the state.
In *Leviathan*, Hobbes shattered the classical assumption that humans are naturally sociable and political. In the 'state of nature,' absent a sovereign, all are solitary predators locked in a 'war of all against all,' and life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.' To escape annihilation, rational individuals contract to surrender their natural right of violence to an absolute sovereign — the Leviathan — whose overpowering force alone maintains peace. Civil order is not the fruit of virtue but the product of fear and rational self-interest.
"In the state of nature, humans are wolves to one another. Without the sword of sovereignty, all covenants are empty words. The Leviathan is forged from every citizen's surrendered rights; without its invincible blade, no contract can hold."
深入审视霍布斯把国家法律大系统指认为一尊恐怖、大权在握的地上绝对主宰大怪物‘利维坦海怪（Leviathan）’：这颠覆了古代圣人那些自命神圣的‘爱与美德教化说’，论证文明的骨架实则纯是由于人类为了防止相互撕咬、出于极致自私怕死的理智妥协退一步残余。当把这个功利法则套在你看你的各种生活社交、公司合作契约、甚至是各社群秩序时。你认为，是什么让大家彼此愿意坐在此刻微笑文明对话？是内心高贵的爱戴，还是对一旦毁约跨界便必遭铁血大重罚的天然理智寒颤和惧怕？
Plato envisioned an ideal polis governed by philosopher-kings who embody the Form of the Good, aiming to make citizens virtuous. Hobbes dismissed moral idealism as irrelevant to wolflike human nature: the state's mission is not sanctity but the prevention of mutual destruction through overwhelming force.
In designing legal and political order, should we trust in the superior virtue and wisdom of enlightened rulers (Plato), or should we construct an impersonal, formidable system of law that binds all through deterrence (Hobbes)?
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